AP Exams (Advanced Placement)

How this paper is marked

The scored paper in the app is marked as MCQ. A correct answer is worth 1. There is no negative marking on this mock.

Computer Architecture

Instruction sets, pipelining, cache and the memory hierarchy

• ISA and CPU TimeThe hardware contract: what an instruction is, how it names operands, and the three levers of CPU time.
• Instruction PipeliningOverlap fetch, decode, execute, memory and write-back; hazards that stall that overlap; speedup versus a non-pipelined machine.
• Cache and the Memory HierarchyWhy caches work, where a block may live, and how to average the cost of a hit and a miss.
• Input, Output and DMAHow the CPU talks to devices: polling, interrupts, DMA, and the same LOAD aimed at a device register.

Databases

Relational model, SQL, normalization, transactions and indexing

• Entities, Relationships and TablesFrom a campus-shop ER sketch to the three tables a relational database actually stores.
• Relations, Keys and Basic SQLWhat a relation is, how keys name a row, relational algebra, and SELECT/WHERE on one campus-shop table.
• SQL Joins, Groups and NULLJoin the campus-shop tables, group sales, and handle missing values in SQL.
• Functional Dependencies and First Normal FormFDs, attribute closure, candidate keys and atomic cells — the rules that make the campus-shop tables split later.
• Second, Third and Boyce–Codd FormSplit the campus-shop leftovers: partial FDs, transitive wardens, and BCNF determinants.
• Transactions, Accidents and RecoveryACID on one sale, dirty/lost/phantom accidents, conflict serializability and write-ahead logging.
• Isolation Levels and LockingWhich accidents a kiosk session may still see, from READ UNCOMMITTED to SERIALIZABLE, and how 2PL implements the stronger ones.
• Indexing and B+ TreesClustered versus secondary indexes and B+ trees that find a campus-shop sale without a full scan.

Computer Networks

TCP/IP, addressing, routing and application protocols

• Layers and How a Connection OpensOSI versus TCP/IP layering, TCP versus UDP, the three-way open and four-way close, and the header bytes that name ports.
• TCP Flow and Congestion ControlReceiver window versus congestion window, sliding-window throughput, slow start and AIMD after loss.
• IP Addressing, CIDR and NATIPv4 addressing, subnetting with CIDR, fragmentation, and support protocols like ARP, DHCP and NAT.
• How a Packet Finds a PathRoutes as next hops, distance-vector Bellman-Ford, count-to-infinity, and link-state Dijkstra.
• DNS, HTTP and MailDNS resolution and records, HTTP/HTTPS, well-known ports, and the SMTP send versus POP3/IMAP pull split.

Operating Systems

Processes, system calls, threads, synchronization, deadlocks, CPU scheduling, memory, page replacement, filesystems and disk scheduling

• Processes and the PCBWhat a process is, the five states, the PCB, context switches, multiprogramming and how two processes exchange data.
• System calls and the process APIUser versus kernel mode, the trap that is a system call, and fork / wait / exit.
• ThreadsThreads share a process's address space; user-level versus kernel-level scheduling.
• SynchronizationRaces, the critical-section properties, Peterson's two-process lock, semaphores and monitors.
• DeadlocksCoffman conditions, wait-for / resource-allocation graphs, Banker's algorithm and the minimum-units bound.
• CPU schedulingTurnaround, waiting and response, then FCFS, SJF, SRTF, Round Robin and priority on one three-job walk.
• Memory managementPaging, address translation, the TLB, demand paging and segmentation.
• Page replacementVictim choice under FIFO, LRU and Optimal, and Belady's anomaly.
• File systemsWhat a file is, contiguous / linked / indexed allocation, inodes and directories.
• Disk schedulingDisk access time and FCFS, SSTF, SCAN-family head movement.

System Design

Scalability, load balancing, caching, database scaling and CAP

• Growing past one boxHow CampusClip grows from one host to many — scale up versus out, a load balancer, CAP under a partition, and availability nines.
• Load vs capacityArrivals versus what a CampusClip host can finish — excess, utilisation, and QPS × payload.
• Latency vs throughputTime for one CampusClip open versus finishes per second, and Little's Law for in-flight work.
• CachingA fast copy of a CampusClip mapping — hits, write paths, staleness, and where the copy sits after scale-out.
• QueuesWork the CampusClip caller is not waiting on — bursts, producer/broker/consumer, back-pressure, and when not to queue.
• CampusClip walkThe two CampusClip paths — paste and redirect — with the store, key placement, and a sketch that uses only numbers the course already stated.

Mathematics (JEE & NDA)

Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Vectors, 3D Geometry & Matrices

• Sets, Relations and FunctionsSet operations and algebra, types of relations, equivalence relations, and one one, onto and composite functions.
• Complex Numbers and Quadratic EquationsAlgebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument, Argand plane, and roots and nature of quadratic equations.
• Matrices and DeterminantsAlgebra and types of matrices, evaluation of determinants, adjoint and inverse, and solving linear systems.
• Permutations and CombinationsFundamental principle of counting, arrangements and selections, and simple applications to counting problems.
• Binomial Theorem and Its Simple ApplicationsBinomial expansion for positive integral index, general and middle terms, and simple applications.
• Sequence and SeriesArithmetic and geometric progressions, arithmetic and geometric means, and the relation between the two means.
• Limits, Continuity, Differentiability and Applications of DerivativesLimits and continuity, differentiation rules, derivatives of standard functions, and applications like maxima, minima and rate of change.
• Integral CalculusIndefinite integration by substitution, parts and partial fractions, definite integrals, and areas bounded by curves.
• Differential EquationsOrder and degree of differential equations, separation of variables, homogeneous equations and linear first order equations.
• Coordinate Geometry: Straight Lines and CirclesCartesian coordinates, distance and section formulas, equations of straight lines, and the geometry of circles.
• Conic SectionsStandard equations and properties of the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola including foci, directrices and eccentricity.
• Three Dimensional GeometryCoordinates in space, direction cosines and ratios, equations of lines and planes, and distances and angles between them.
• Vector AlgebraAddition of vectors, scalar and vector products, scalar triple product and geometric applications of vectors.
• Statistics and ProbabilityMeasures of dispersion, probability of events, conditional probability, Bayes theorem and probability distributions.
• TrigonometryTrigonometric identities and equations, inverse trigonometric functions, and heights and distances applications.

Physics (JEE & NEET)

Kinematics, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics & Modern Physics

• Basic Vectors for PhysicsPhysics-first vector tools: components, unit vectors, dot and cross products, relative velocity, forces, torque, angular momentum and field/flux framing.
• Kinematics, Newtons Laws and Projectile MotionMotion in one and two dimensions using vectors, relative velocity, projectile trajectories and the three laws of motion with friction.
• Work, Energy and PowerWork done by constant and variable forces, kinetic and potential energy, conservation of energy, and power for conservative and non conservative systems.
• Center of Mass and System of ParticlesCenter of mass location and motion for particle systems, rigid bodies, explosions, impulse-momentum links and variable-mass framing.
• Collisions in One and Two DimensionsImpulse, coefficient of restitution, elastic and inelastic collisions, 1D head-on results, oblique/2D collisions and COM-frame methods.
• Rotational Motion and Rigid Body DynamicsMoment of inertia, torque, angular momentum, rolling motion and equilibrium of rigid bodies about fixed and moving axes.
• GravitationUniversal law of gravitation, gravitational field and potential, escape and orbital velocity, and Keplers laws of planetary motion.
• Properties of Solids and LiquidsElasticity, fluid pressure, Pascal and Bernoulli principles, viscosity, surface tension and thermal properties of matter.
• Thermodynamics and Kinetic Theory of GasesLaws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes, heat engines, and the kinetic theory relating pressure and temperature to molecular motion.
• Oscillations and WavesSimple harmonic motion, springs and pendulums, wave propagation, superposition, beats, resonance and the Doppler effect in sound.
• ElectrostaticsCoulombs law, electric field and potential, Gauss law, capacitors, dielectrics and energy stored in electric fields.
• Current ElectricityOhms law, resistivity, series and parallel circuits, Kirchhoff rules, Wheatstone bridge, potentiometer and electrical measuring instruments.
• Magnetic Effects of Current and MagnetismBiot Savart and Ampere laws, magnetic force on charges and currents, moving coil galvanometer and properties of magnetic materials.
• Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating CurrentsFaraday and Lenz laws, self and mutual inductance, AC circuits with resistors inductors and capacitors, resonance and transformers.
• Electromagnetic WavesDisplacement current, transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, their speed in vacuum and the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays.
• Ray and Wave OpticsReflection and refraction at mirrors and lenses, optical instruments, interference, diffraction and polarisation of light.
• Dual Nature of Matter, Atoms and NucleiPhotoelectric effect, matter waves, Bohr model of the atom, nuclear structure, radioactivity and mass energy relation.
• Units and MeasurementsSI units, dimensions, significant figures, error analysis and least-count based instrument readings used across JEE Physics.
• Electronic Devices (Semiconductors)Semiconductor basics, p-n junction diodes, rectifiers, optoelectronic devices, Zener regulation and logic gates for JEE Main.
• Experimental SkillsJEE Physics laboratory methods, instrument least count, error handling and standard experiment formulas from mechanics, fluids, heat, optics and electricity.